Testicular cancer is rare, most common between ages 15 and 50, and its main warning sign is a hard, painless lump. While the causes are unknown, undescended testicles before age 3 and hereditary factors increase the risk. Learn more below.
Testicular cancer is rare, with the highest incidence occurring between the ages of 15 and 50. This condition accounts for 5% of malignant urological tumors.
The exact cause of testicular cancer remains unclear. However, experts identify undescended testicles (before age 3), infertility, and family history as significant risk factors.
Discover more about the causes of testicular cancer, its symptoms, treatments, and effective prevention tips in today’s blog post!
Risk Factors
One of the primary risk factors for testicular tumors is cryptorchidism, a condition where the testicles remain in the abdomen instead of descending into the scrotum. This descent should occur through a tunnel from the abdomen to the groin by age 3.
Hereditary predisposition is another risk factor, with men who have first-degree relatives (father or brothers) affected being more likely to develop the condition.
Testicular cancer can also be linked to genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome, where men have an extra X chromosome.
This syndrome increases tumor risk due to low levels of male hormones like testosterone, which affects testicular development. Additionally, the extra X chromosome may cause cellular abnormalities in the area.
Signs and Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
A key early symptom of testicular cancer is a hard, painless lump that is noticeable upon palpation but does not cause pain. Other symptoms include:
- Hardening or a feeling of heaviness in the testicles;
- Changes in testicle size (enlargement or shrinkage);
- Changes in testicular consistency;
- Blood in the urine;
- Pain in the lower abdomen or groin;
- Sensitivity in the nipples;
- Sexual dysfunction.
Tumors in the stroma (affecting the gastrointestinal tract), more common in childhood, often present symptoms such as testicular enlargement and precocious puberty, with early development of facial and body hair.
These tumors can affect Leydig cells, which produce male hormones, or Sertoli cells, which support sperm production.
According to an article by the Brazilian Society of Urology, Leydig cell tumors account for 1–3% of testicular tumors in adults and 3% in children, with only 10% being malignant. Sertoli cell tumors are rarer but more likely to be malignant, representing 10–22% of cases.
Advanced Testicular Cancer Symptoms
This type of tumor can spread to the abdomen, liver, lungs, and brain. In advanced cases, symptoms include:
- Lower back pain;
- Abdominal pain;
- Chest pain, coughing blood, or shortness of breath;
- Headaches or mental confusion.
Can Testicular Cancer Be Detected Early?
Early detection of testicular cancer can be achieved through testicular self-exams. Doctors recommend performing this exam monthly.
If any changes are noticed, it is essential to consult a urologist immediately for further testing to confirm or rule out cancer.
Does Testicular Cancer Have a Cure?
Yes, testicular cancer is curable. According to the Brazilian Society of Urology, the cure rate ranges from 90% to 95%.
To achieve these outcomes, it is crucial to be proactive, monitor testicular health, recognize warning signs, and seek medical advice promptly.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Testicular tumor diagnosis is conducted by a urologist. Initial consultations involve a clinical examination, testicular ultrasound, and laboratory tests to detect proteins produced by cancer cells.
Biopsies are rarely required for suspected testicular tumors, unlike in cases of prostate cancer, where diagnostic uncertainty often necessitates this procedure.
Recommended Treatments
Treatment depends on the cancer’s stage. After tests confirm or exclude metastases, the doctor may recommend:
- Surgery to remove the affected testicle;
- Chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Removing the affected testicle does not impair erection or fertility, but storing sperm before treatment is advisable.
Healthy Habits for Prevention
Testicular cancer has a low mortality rate, but adopting healthy habits improves overall health. Follow these tips:
- Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption;
- Maintain a healthy diet;
- Engage in regular physical activity;
- Use protection, as some STIs (sexually transmitted infections) may increase testicular cancer risk;
- Perform monthly testicular self-exams;
- Schedule regular check-ups with a urologist, especially if there is a family history of cancer.
Health Is Key to Longevity
Like any other cancer, testicular tumors are serious. However, self-examinations, healthy lifestyle choices, and regular urologist visits are crucial for prevention or early detection. There are no excuses for neglecting your health.
Joining Dr. Paulo Egydio’s WhatsApp channel is also a great idea. There, you’ll find updated information from this men’s health specialist. Take care of yourself!
