Genital herpes is a viral infection transmitted through sexual contact that causes sores in the intimate area and has no cure. Learn how to prevent it!
Genital herpes is a common infection among sexually active individuals and requires attention for prevention and management. This sexually transmitted infection (STI) is highly contagious and can be asymptomatic, causing many sexual partners to transmit the virus without knowing they are infected.
The STI affects the genital region and can cause painful sores in that area. With proper treatment, many patients can reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks.
Below, learn about the symptoms of genital herpes, how transmission occurs, the available treatments, and especially how to prevent this infection.
What Is Genital Herpes?
Genital herpes is an infection caused by the human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). These viruses usually affect mucous membranes. HSV-1 is typically responsible for oral herpes (though it can also affect the genital area), while HSV-2 is more common in genital infections and is usually transmitted through sexual contact.
The virus resides in the nerves of the affected area and can remain inactive for long periods, without the person knowing they carry it. However, when the immune system is weakened, it can reactivate and trigger new outbreaks. This means symptoms can appear even without recent contact with an infected individual.
Besides mucous membranes, when active, the virus may affect other parts of the body, such as the buttocks and thighs, particularly during recurrent outbreaks.
Is Genital Herpes Serious?
Although it is not a fatal disease, genital herpes can be quite uncomfortable, cause pain, and increase the risk of contracting other sexually transmitted infections. In some cases, the infection can lead to complications such as secondary bacterial infections, and it can also infect the cornea of the eye or the brain.
The main concerns involve immunocompromised individuals, such as those living with HIV, since the infection can worsen more easily, and pregnant women, as the virus may be transmitted to the baby during delivery (neonatal herpes)—a rare but potentially serious condition.
Symptoms of Genital Herpes
Genital herpes symptoms can vary. While some individuals experience painful sores, others do not show any symptoms.
Key signs to watch for include:
- Small blisters or painful sores in the genital, anal area, or around the mouth;
- Itching, burning, or tingling before or during the lesions;
- Redness and swelling in the affected area;
- Swollen lymph nodes in the groin region;
- Pain when urinating, especially if there are lesions in the urethra;
- Fever, malaise, and body aches in some cases;
- Muscle pain and fatigue in more severe outbreaks.
Symptoms can be more intense in the first outbreak, with more lesions and a longer duration. In subsequent outbreaks, symptoms tend to be milder and resolve faster. Some individuals may have mild symptoms, such as slight itching, without any visible sores.
However, it is important to remember that even asymptomatic patients or those who do not have active virus at the moment can still transmit it, since it remains in the body permanently.
How Do You Know If It’s Herpes or Not?
Although herpes symptoms are typically characteristic, patients can be confused because other diseases can have similar signs.
For this reason, the diagnosis of genital herpes should always be made by a doctor, especially after contact with an infected person or at the earliest sign of symptoms.
How Long Does Genital Herpes Last?
The first outbreak can last from 10 to 20 days, while recurrent outbreaks usually last between 5 and 10 days. This can vary depending on the person’s immunity and how quickly treatment is initiated.
Milder outbreaks may resolve more quickly. Some studies suggest that factors like immunity and early treatment can influence this process.
Causes of Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is caused by contact with HSV-1 or HSV-2, typically during unprotected sexual relations. However, it can also be transmitted by direct contact with lesions, even without penetration, for instance, through kissing or oral sex.
Transmission can happen even without apparent symptoms, as the virus may be present in secretions carrying the pathogen, for example, when kissing or sharing items.
Is It Possible to Get Genital Herpes Without Having Sexual Intercourse?
Yes. Although transmission is most commonly related to intimate contact, it can also occur through kissing, sharing contaminated objects (like towels, razors, and needles), and direct contact with an infected person’s sore.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Genital herpes must be diagnosed by a doctor.
A clinical evaluation of symptoms and observation of lesions is crucial, but specific lab tests will help distinguish the disease from others with similar signs, such as dermatitis, syphilis, or candidiasis. In some cases, a sample of the lesion may need to be collected for testing.
In recurrent or asymptomatic cases, blood tests can identify which type of herpes is present.
Brazil’s public health system (SUS) offers free detection tests in its facilities.
Which Test Detects Genital Herpes?
The main tests include:
- Viral culture: performed with a sample from the sore;
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): detects the virus’s DNA and is more sensitive;
- Serological tests: indicate the presence of antibodies against HSV in the blood.
Recommended Treatments
Treatment for genital herpes uses antiviral medications. Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are the most commonly recommended.
Since there is no cure for the infection, the goal of treatment is to shorten outbreak duration and reduce future occurrences.
In some cases, suppressive therapy may be advised to reduce the frequency or intensity of outbreaks, which involves taking medication even when no symptoms are present.
Beyond medication, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, reducing stress, and avoiding triggers for outbreaks can strengthen the immune system to complement treatment effectiveness.
How to Prevent Genital Herpes Outbreaks?
Preventing genital herpes includes important measures, especially during sexual activity, such as:
- Always use condoms during sexual intercourse;
- Avoid direct contact with visible lesions;
- Keep your immunity high with a balanced diet and stress reduction;
- Do not share personal items;
- Consult a physician to assess the need for testing;
- Discuss the infection and prevention methods with your partner.
Moreover, people who experience frequent outbreaks may talk to their doctor about ongoing preventive treatment.
Is It Possible to Have Sexual Intercourse with Genital Herpes?
Although genital herpes and sexual activity are closely connected, you can maintain an active and safe sex life, reducing the chance of passing the virus to your partner.
Besides suppressive treatment, which prevents transmission, you can take precautions to minimize risk during sex. The most important precaution is to correctly use condoms in all sexual encounters. In addition, it is advisable to avoid oral-genital contact during active outbreaks, as the virus is most contagious at that time.
Recognizing symptoms and practicing prevention is essential for protecting your health and avoiding transmission to others, as well as maintaining sexual well-being.
Keep learning about sexual health for a safer, more informed life. The Dr. Paulo Egydio’s blog is full of information about STIs, erectile dysfunction, penile curvature, and tips for intimate moments.
