The hormone prolactin in men regulates the production of testosterone and sperm. High levels may cause reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, mood swings, and enlarged breast tissue. Discover its functions and normal levels of prolactin.
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. While it’s commonly associated with lactation in women, it also plays essential roles in men.
Its influence goes beyond reproduction, directly impacting testosterone, sperm health, and even emotional balance. However, when prolactin levels become imbalanced, the consequences can include low libido, erectile dysfunction, and infertility.
Understanding prolactin and how to maintain normal levels is essential for overall health and quality of life. Keep reading to explore this critical hormone and how to manage its levels effectively.
What is prolactin in men?
Prolactin is a hormone that, in men, is mainly involved in regulating testosterone production and maintaining healthy sperm.
Although present in smaller amounts than in women, prolactin is still crucial for male health.
Normal prolactin levels support the body’s healthy functioning. However, elevated levels (hyperprolactinemia) can lead to erectile dysfunction, reduced sexual desire, infertility, and even mood changes. Regular monitoring is important for early detection of imbalances.
What does prolactin do in men?
In addition to regulating testosterone and sperm, prolactin contributes to other functions in the male body:
- Regulating metabolism;
- Boosting the immune system;
- Neuron formation;
- Reducing stress and anxiety.
What is a normal level of prolactin in men?
Normal prolactin levels in men are below 20 ng/mL, though specific ranges may vary by laboratory.
When is a prolactin test recommended?
Prolactin testing is recommended when hormonal imbalances that could affect reproductive or general health are suspected.
It is often requested for persistent erectile dysfunction, low libido, unexplained infertility, symptoms of gynecomastia (abnormal breast enlargement), recurring headaches, visual changes, or other signs indicating possible pituitary tumors, such as prolactinoma.
Additionally, prolactin tests can be requested for chronic fatigue, mood swings, or other symptoms linked to hormonal imbalances. The test helps diagnose underlying conditions and guide appropriate treatment.
How is the prolactin test done?
The prolactin test is a standard blood test performed by drawing blood from a vein in the arm. It is quick and can be done at any time of the day.
According to the Ministry of Health guidelines, no fasting is required. Patients should avoid taking biotin or supplements containing it for 72 hours and refrain from intense physical activity 30 minutes before the test.
Causes of high prolactin levels
Hyperprolactinemia, a condition where prolactin levels are abnormally high, may be caused by physical issues like tumors or by medications.
Potential causes include:
- Prolactinoma, a tumor in the pituitary gland;
- Hypothyroidism, where the thyroid does not produce enough hormones;
- Use of antiemetics, antidepressants, antihypertensives, and antiepileptics;
- Chronic stress.
Elevated prolactin is also associated with conditions like kidney failure, liver cirrhosis, tuberculosis, aneurysms, and sarcoidosis.
Symptoms of high prolactin levels
When prolactin levels are elevated, men may experience:
- Hair loss;
- Enlarged breast tissue;
- Increased abdominal fat;
- Infertility;
- Loss of muscle mass;
- Reduced ejaculation volume;
- Decreased libido;
- Erectile dysfunction.
Hyperprolactinemia in men can also cause headaches, vision problems due to optic nerve compression, and cranial nerve paralysis. However, these symptoms are rare.
Causes and consequences of low prolactin levels
In men, low prolactin levels (hypoprolactinemia) are linked to pituitary gland damage or medication use.
When prolactin levels drop below normal, it can weaken the immune system and impair sperm quality.
What are the most common treatments?
High prolactin levels in men, depending on the cause, can be treated with targeted approaches. Treatments vary based on the underlying condition.
If elevated prolactin is caused by medication, options include adjusting the dose, switching medications, or discontinuing use.
If prolactin levels are elevated due to a tumor, treatment may involve medications like levothyroxine, cabergoline, or bromocriptine. In cases where medication fails, or the tumor is too large, surgery may be necessary.
Treatment for low prolactin involves hormone replacement therapy and regular medical check-ups to monitor levels and adjust dosages as needed.
Can prolactin levels be lowered naturally in men?
To maintain hormonal balance, adopt healthy habits such as:
- Regular physical activity;
- Eating a balanced diet;
- Getting enough sleep;
- Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption;
- Managing stress effectively.
Is it possible to prevent infertility and erectile dysfunction caused by prolactin imbalance?
There are ways to reduce the risk of infertility and erectile dysfunction related to prolactin imbalances by adopting preventive measures and seeking proper medical care. This includes avoiding risk factors such as:
- Smoking;
- Excessive alcohol consumption;
- Obesity;
- Physical inactivity;
- Medical conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and hormonal imbalances;
- Exposure to chemicals;
- Testicular injuries.
How to maintain healthy prolactin levels?
Maintaining prolactin balance requires simple lifestyle measures. Consider:
- Managing stress through techniques like meditation and yoga;
- Engaging in regular exercise;
- Getting adequate sleep;
- Eating a diet rich in vitamin B6 and zinc;
- Reducing alcohol consumption;
- Avoiding unprescribed medications, as certain drugs can raise prolactin levels.
Maintaining balanced prolactin levels is critical for male health across all life stages.
Adopting healthy habits, scheduling regular check-ups with a urologist, and monitoring hormonal changes are key to reducing risks like infertility and sexual dysfunction.
Stay informed to take control of your health. Visit the Dr. Paulo Egydio blog for expert advice and start taking better care of yourself today!
Learn more:
- Male Self-Care: Why Is It Important for Health?
- Learn All About Enlarged Prostate: Causes, Diagnosis, and Recommended Treatments
- Does Stress Decrease Libido? Learn How to Identify and Treat It
- What Is Ejaculation? Answers to Your Main Questions
- Consequences of Male Sexual Abstinence and the Problems It Can Cause
- 10 Tips for Penis Care to Maintain Health and Prevent Infections and Diseases
- See What Causes Erectile Dysfunction and Available Treatments
- Prostate Surgery: What to Expect, Risks, and Recovery
- Gut Health and Sexual Function: The Connection
