Prolactin stimulates breast milk production. In men, however, this hormone is linked to testosterone and sperm production, and it may also help reduce anxiety and stress. Yet, excessive levels of prolactin can be associated with health issues that affect quality of life. Learn more below.
Hormonal health is one of the pillars of men’s well-being but often goes unnoticed. A good example is prolactin, a hormone more widely recognized for its role in breast milk production but that also plays important roles in the male body.
When imbalances occur, prolactin can affect libido and mood. Want to know how to identify possible changes and discuss treatment options with your doctor? Read on for key information on taking a broader approach to your health.
What Is Prolactin and What Does It Do in the Body?
The prolactin hormone mainly acts on the development of mammary glands for milk production.
It is also produced by the pituitary gland in men, although in smaller quantities, and can influence testosterone production, sperm production, and help reduce anxiety and stress.
The functions of prolactin in men include:
- Helping regulate testosterone levels;
- Supporting sperm production;
- Participating in immune system modulation;
- Acting in metabolism regulation;
- Contributing to the formation of new neurons;
- Influencing the reduction of anxiety and stress.
High Prolactin: Normal vs. Elevated Levels
Generally, a man’s prolactin level is considered normal when it is below 20 ng/mL (note that these values may vary between laboratories).
If prolactin exceeds 20 ng/mL, it is often viewed as elevated, but it’s important to interpret this result alongside medical evaluation.
Causes of Elevated Prolactin in Men
Also known as hyperprolactinemia, increased prolactin in the body can be linked to:
- Prolactinoma: a pituitary gland tumor possibly resulting from hereditary factors or the use of antiemetics, antihistamines, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and antipsychotics, hypothyroidism, tuberculosis, kidney failure, or brain lesions;
- Chronic stress: stress increases cortisol, the “stress hormone,” which can interfere with the production of several hormones, including prolactin;
- Intense physical activity: during exercises like weightlifting, long-distance running, or high-intensity training, the body releases cortisol to minimize exercise-induced inflammation and speed recovery.
Symptoms of High Prolactin in Men
One of the most notable signs is gynecomastia (enlarged breasts).
Other possible symptoms include:
- Excessive fatigue;
- Mood swings, which may lead to depression;
- Increased abdominal fat;
- Loss of muscle mass;
- Hair loss;
- Low libido;
- Erectile dysfunction;
- Reduced ejaculate volume;
- Infertility.
In rarer cases, gynecomastia linked to high prolactin may result in milk discharge from the nipples. Some men may also experience headaches, visual disturbances (due to optic nerve atrophy), or even the loss of certain sensory and motor functions, especially if a pituitary tumor is present.
Effects of Untreated Hyperprolactinemia on Male Sexual Function
Excess prolactin can contribute to lower testosterone levels, because it interferes with the secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH), which stimulate testosterone production.
With reduced testosterone, you may see changes in libido and the ability to achieve or maintain an erection, as this hormone aids blood flow in the penis.
This condition can be one factor involved in erectile dysfunction, requiring medical evaluation for proper diagnosis and follow-up.
How Is Prolactin Imbalance Diagnosed?
To assess changes in hormone levels, the urologist will request a prolactin blood test after discussing the patient’s symptoms.
This is basically a conventional blood draw that only takes a few seconds. While it often doesn’t require fasting, preparation may include avoiding intense physical activity for 30 minutes before the test and not taking biotin or biotin-based supplements for 72 hours prior.
Prolactin levels above 100 ng/mL may suggest a prolactinoma, a pituitary tumor.
Recommended Treatments
Treatment for high prolactin depends directly on the underlying cause of the hormonal imbalance.
- Medication-induced: the doctor may adjust the dosage or switch the medication associated with high prolactin.
- Tumor (prolactinoma): prescriptions often include cabergoline or bromocriptine. In specific cases, surgery may be indicated.
- Erectile dysfunction: if it persists, the urologist may consider oral medications or, in extreme cases, a penile implant.
Each therapeutic option must be individualized, taking each patient’s unique circumstances into account.
How to Manage Prolactin Levels in Daily Life
It is possible to maintain hormonal balance and achieve healthy prolactin levels by adopting a few simple lifestyle practices:
- Get sufficient sleep: you can do this by practicing good nighttime habits, such as a light dinner, drinking soothing teas, using relaxation techniques, and avoiding electronic devices before bed;
- Follow a healthy diet, including good fats found in salmon, avocado, eggs, and lean red meat;
- Avoid excessive alcohol consumption and do not smoke.
Take Care of Your Health
Maintaining adequate prolactin levels is an important component of a broader approach to hormonal health. This can positively impact quality of life, self-esteem, and overall well-being.
Stay alert to potential symptoms and seek medical attention whenever you notice anything out of the ordinary.
Healthy habits and regular checkups with a urologist are key to achieving and preserving hormonal balance. For more information and tips, visit the Dr. Paulo Egydio’s blog and learn how to care for men’s health in a comprehensive way. Your health deserves constant attention!
